This article is part of the series: United States Constitution
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The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution officially abolished, and continues to prohibit slavery and, with limited exceptions (those convicted of a crime), prohibits involuntary servitude. Prior to its ratification, slavery remained legal only in Delaware and Kentucky; everywhere else the slaves had been freed by state action and the federal government's Emancipation Proclamation. Abraham Lincoln (who had issued the Emancipation Proclamation) and others were concerned that the Emancipation Proclamation would be seen as a temporary war measure, and so, besides freeing slaves in those two states where slavery was still legal, they supported the Amendment as a means to guarantee the permanent abolition of slavery. The amendment was originally co-authored and sponsored by Congressmen James Mitchell Ashley (Republican, Ohio) and James Falconer Wilson (Republican, Iowa) and Senator John B. Henderson (Democrat, Missouri). It was followed by the other Reconstruction Amendments, the Fourteenth (intended to protect the civil rights of former slaves) and Fifteenth (which banned racial restrictions on voting).

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The Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States was proposed to the legislatures of the several states by the Thirty-eighth United States Congress, on January 31, 1865. The amendment was declared, in a proclamation of Secretary of State William Henry Seward, dated December 18, 1865, to have been ratified by the legislatures of twenty-seven of the then thirty-six states. Although it was ratified by the necessary three-quarters of the states within a year of its proposal, its most recent ratification occurred in 1995 in Mississippi, which was the last of the thirty-six states in existence in 1865 to ratify it. The dates of ratification were:
Ratification was completed on December 6, 1865. The amendment was subsequently ratified by the following states:

Illinois (February 1, 1865)
Rhode Island (February 2, 1865)
Michigan (February 3, 1865)
Maryland (February 3, 1865)
New York (February 3, 1865)
Pennsylvania (February 3, 1865)
West Virginia (February 3, 1865)
Missouri (February 6, 1865)
Maine (February 7, 1865)
Kansas (February 7, 1865)
Massachusetts (February 7, 1865)
Virginia (February 9, 1865)
Ohio (February 10, 1865)
Indiana (February 13, 1865)
Nevada (February 16, 1865)
Louisiana (February 17, 1865)
Minnesota (February 23, 1865)
Wisconsin (February 24, 1865)
Vermont (March 8, 1865)
Tennessee (April 7, 1865)
Arkansas (April 14, 1865)
Connecticut (May 4, 1865)
New Hampshire (July 1, 1865)
South Carolina (November 13, 1865)
Alabama (December 2, 1865)
North Carolina (December 4, 1865)
Georgia (December 6, 1865)
Oregon (December 8, 1865)
California (December 19, 1865)
Florida (December 28, 1865, reaffirmed on June 9, 1869)
Iowa (January 15, 1866)
New Jersey (January 23, 1866, after having rejected it on March 16, 1865)
Texas (February 18, 1870)
Delaware (February 12, 1901, after having rejected it on February 8, 1865)
Kentucky (March 18, 1976, after having rejected it on February 24, 1865)
Mississippi (March 16, 1995, after having rejected it on December 5, 1865) Interpretation and history
The Supreme Court has ruled that the Thirteenth Amendment does not prohibit mandatory military service in the United States (see 240 U.S. 328 (1916)).

Scope of legislation
Labor is defined as work of economic or financial value. Unfree labor, or labor not willingly given, is obtained in a number of ways:

causing or threatening to cause serious harm to any person;
physically restraining or threatening to physically restrain another person;
abusing or threatening to abuse the law or legal process;
knowingly destroying, concealing, removing, confiscating or possessing any actual or purported passport or other immigration document, or any other actual or purported government identification document, of another person;
blackmail;
causing or threatening to cause financial harm [using financial control over] to any person. Free versus Unfree Labor
Refers to a person in "debt servitude," or involuntary servitude tied to the payment of a debt. Compulsion to servitude includes the use of force, the threat of force, or the threat of legal coercion to compel a person to work against his or her will.
Refers to a person held by actual force, threats of force, or threats of legal coercion in a condition of slavery-- compulsory service or labor against his or her will. This also includes the condition in which people are compelled to work against their will by a "climate of fear" evoked by the use of force, the threat of force, or the threat of legal coercion (i.e., suffer legal consequences unless compliant with demands made upon them) which is sufficient to compel service against a person's will. The first U.S. Supreme Court case to uphold the ban against involuntary servitude was Bailey v. Alabama (1911).
Labor or service obtained by:

• by threats of serious harm or physical restraint;


• by means of any scheme, plan, or pattern intended to cause a person to believe they would suffer serious harm or physical restraint if they did not perform such labor or services:


• by means of the abuse or threatened abuse of law or the legal process,

Peonage
by threats of serious harm or physical restraint;
by means of any scheme, plan, or pattern intended to cause a person to believe they would suffer serious harm or physical restraint if they did not perform such labor or services:
by means of the abuse or threatened abuse of law or the legal process, Definitions of conditions addressed by 13th Amendment

Main article: Congressional power of enforcement Enforcement of 13th Amendment
Victims of human trafficking and other conditions of forced labour are commonly coerced by threat of legal actions to their detriment. A leading example is deportation of illegal immigrants. "The prospect of being forced to leave the United States, no matter how degrading the current living conditions, sometimes serves as a deterrent to reporting the situation to law enforcement."

Title 18, U.S.C., Section 241 - Conspiracy Against Rights
Title 18, U.S.C., Section 242 - Deprivation of Rights Under Color of Law Threat of legal consequences

Titles of Nobility Amendment, approved by Congress in 1810, would have revoked the citizenship of anyone accepting a foreign title of nobility.
The Crittenden Compromise, a joint resolution that included six constitutional amendments that would protect slavery. At the time there were twelve amendments and one of the six could have become the thirteenth.
Corwin Amendment, approved by Congress in 1861 and ratified by two states, which would have forbidden any constitutional amendment that would interfere with slavery in a state. Notes

Herman Belz, Emancipation and Equal Rights: Politics and Constitutionalism in the Civil War Era (1978)
Mitch Kachun, Festivals of Freedom: Memory and Meaning in African American Emancipation Celebrations, 1808-1915 (2003)
C. Peter Ripley, Roy E. Finkenbine, Michael F. Hembree, Donald Yacovone, Witness for Freedom: African American Voices on Race, Slavery, and Emancipation (1993)
Michael Vorenberg, Final Freedom: The Civil War, the Abolition of mavery, and the Thirteenth Amendment (2001)
Model State Anti-trafficking Criminal Statute U.S. Dept of Justice

Readiris is optical character recognition software for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS. It is produced by Belgian company Image Recognition Integrated Systems Group S.A. (I.R.I.S. Group). Currently it is in version Pro 11.
Readiris features regional packages, the "Asian Edition", "Middle Eastern Edition", which are able to read materials written in Chinese, Korean, Japanese, Arabic, Persian, and Hebrew.
Readiris is in competition with Abbyy FineReader and OmniPage.

Satisficing is a decision-making strategy which attempts to meet criteria for adequacy, rather than identify an optimal solution. A satisficing strategy may often, in fact, be (near) optimal if the costs of the decision-making process itself, such as the cost of obtaining complete information, are considered in the outcome calculus.

Economics
In cybernetics, satisficing is optimization where all costs, including the cost of the optimization calculations and the cost of getting information for use in those calculations, are considered.
As a result, the eventual choice is usually sub-optimal as regards the main goal of the optimization, i.e. different from the optimum in the case that the costs of choosing are not taken into account.
Interestingly enough, within science fiction and artificial intelligence, the process of satisficing is traditionally seen as a sign of human behavior as opposed to brute force forms of computation. For example, in the game of chess played by HAL 9000 in the movie 2001: A Space Odyssey, HAL adopts a satisficing move to defeat his opponent (Frank Poole).
In real life, during a 1997 game against Deep Blue, Garry Kasparov, after being defeated in a game where his computer opponent adopted a satisficing position, remarked that the computer was "playing like a human." Kasparov later explained that, when playing computers, chess masters could often defeat them by predicting the most "rational" move; however, satisficing made such prediction unreliable.
Reference: Klaus Krippendorff's "A Dictionary of Cybernetics".

Decision Making

Bordley, R. and M.LiCalzi.(2000). "Target-Oriented Utility." Decisions in Economics & Finance.
Bordley, R. and C. Kirkwood (2004)."Preference Analysis with Multiattribute Performance Targets." Operations Researcg.
Byron, M. (ed.). Satisficing and Maximizing: Moral Theorists on Practical Reason. Cambridge University Press, 2004.
Castagnoli, E. and M. LiCalzi,1996. "Utility Theory without Utility Function." Theory and Decision
Holbrook, A.; Green, M.; Krosnick, J. 2003. "Telephone versus face-to-face interviewing of national probability samples with long questionnaires - comparison of respondent satisficing and social desirability response bias." Public Opinion Quarterly, Vol 67, 79-125.
Krippendorff, Klaus. "A Dictionary of Cybernetics."
Krosnick, J. 1991. "Response strategies for coping with the cognitive demands of attitude measures in surveys." Applied Cognitive Psychology. Vol 5, 213-36.

Due to the nature of the content, details may change as the mission progresses
Space Shuttle Orbiter Endeavour (NASA Orbiter Vehicle Designation: OV-105), is the fifth and final operational NASA space shuttle.

History
Endeavour features new hardware designed to improve and expand orbiter capabilities. Most of this equipment was later incorporated into the other three orbiters during out-of-service major inspection and modification programs. Endeavour's upgrades include:
Modifications resulting from a 2005-2006 refit of Endeavour include:

A 40-foot diameter drag chute that is expected to reduce the orbiter's rollout distance by 1,000 to 2,000 feet.
The plumbing and electrical connections needed for Extended Duration Orbiter (EDO) modifications to allow up to 28-day missions (although a 28-day mission has never yet been attempted; the current record is 17 days, which was set with the Columbia orbiter).
Updated avionics systems that include advanced general purpose computers, improved inertial measurement units and tactical air navigation systems, enhanced master events controllers and multiplexer-demultiplexers, a solid-state star tracker and improved nose wheel steering mechanisms.
An improved version of the Auxiliary Power Units (APUs) that provide power to operate the Shuttle's hydraulic systems.
The Station-to-Shuttle Power Transfer System (SSPTS), which converts 8 kilowatts of DC power from the ISS main voltage of 120VDC to the orbiter bus voltage of 28VDC. This upgrade will allow Endeavour to remain on-orbit while docked at ISS for an additional 3- to 4-day duration. The corresponding power equipment was added to the ISS during the STS-116 station assembly mission, and Endeavour will first fly with SSPTS capability during planned STS-118. Upgrades and features
Space Shuttle Endeavour has flown 19 flights, spent 206.60 days in space, completed 3,259 orbits, and flown 85,072,077 miles (136,910,237 km) in total, as of February 2003. It last flew in November 2002.

Decommissioning of Space Shuttle Endeavour

List of space shuttle missions

Ōuchi Yoshitaka(大内義隆; December 18, 1507-September 30, 1551) was a daimyo of Suo province and a son of Ōuchi Yoshioki.
In 1522, he fought the Amago clan along with his father, Yoshioki, to win the control of Aki province. Upon Yoshioki's death in 1528, Yoshitaka became the head of Ōuchi clan. In the 1530s, he led a military actions in the northern Kyūshū, defeating Shoni clan to win control of the area. With his back then secure, in 1540 he again started combatting the Amago clan and by 1541, managed to completely control the Aki province.
However, in 1542, an invasion into Izumo province ended in a disaster, with Yoshitaka losing his adopted son Ōuchi Harumochi along with large number of troops against Amago Haruhisa. He completely lost his ambitions of expanding his domains and devoted his energy to the arts and culture. His retainers split into two factions. Those led by Sagara Taketo wanted to the Ōuchi clan to simply do nothing more than maintain the control of their current domains, while those led by Sue Harukata wanted to continue expanding. Yoshitaka chose former as his advisors and on 1551, the faction led by Sue Harukata revolted and attampted to take over the Ōuchi clan. With the control of troops in Harukata's hand, it was over in few days and Yoshitaka was forced to commit seppuku.

Ras Tanura (more accurately Ra's Tannūrah, Arabic: رأس تنورة meaning "top/head of the barbecue spit") is a city in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia located on a peninsula extending into the Persian Gulf. The name Ras Tanura applies both to a gated Saudi Aramco employee compound (also referred to as "Najmah") and to an industrial area further out on the peninsula that serves as a major oil port and oil operations center for Saudi Aramco, the largest oil company in the world, and at one time was the largest oil refinery in the world. Today, the compound has about 3,200 residents, with a few Americans and British expats.
Geograpically, the Ras Tanura complex is located a distance south of the modern industrial port city of Jubail (formerly a sleepy fishing village) and north across Tarut Bay from the old port city of (Al-)Dammam. Although Ras Tanura's port area is located on a small peninsula, due to modern oil tankers' need for deeper water, Saudi Aramco has built numerous artificial islands for easier docking. In addition, offshore oil rigs and production facilities have been constructed in the waters nearby, mostly by Saudi Aramco, Schlumberger, and Halliburton.
Najmah compound (Aramco code: RT) is one of four residential compounds built by ARAMCO in the 1940s and the only one located on the Gulf itself. Ras Tanura refinery is surrounded by a heavily guarded security fence, and Saudi employees and their dependants may live inside the Najmah residential compound which is less heavily guarded. Built originally to allow expatriate oil company employees (mainly Americans) a degree of Western comfort and separation from the restrictions of Saudi and Islamic laws, the community today has shifted somewhat in line wth the reduction of western residents into a multi-ethnic mosaic of Saudis, other Arab nationalities (e.g. Egyptian and Jordanian), Indians, Pakistanis, and a few americans and British expats - all of whom live with English as the common language.

Ras Tanura in fiction
During recent years, Ras Tanura (or RT or Najmah) has had an active community of Facebook users, that have contributed to more, easily searched, website pages with on-line photo galleries of Najmah, Saudi Arabia. Ras Tanura photo galleries that provide general views of the ocean beach, residential neighborhoods, and community facilities. Notably the golf course, and other well-maintained original community buildings, between the theater and the bowling alley, of Najmah which continues to function as an important coastal and inland link.
A most recent movie-sized documentary production of the American oil company-built towns, including the Ras Tanura employee camp Najmah, is the nostalgic titled "Home - The Aramco Brats Story", promoted as released with a trailer and DVD, December, 2006.

Cappadocian, also known as Cappadocian Greek or Asia Minor Greek, is a dialect of the Greek language, formerly spoken in Cappadocia (Central Turkey). After the population exchange between Greece and Turkey in the 1920s, Cappadocian speakers were forced to emigrate to Greece, where they were resettled in various locations, especially in Central and Northern Greece. The Cappadocians rapidly shifted to Standard Modern Greek and their language was thought to be extinct since the 1960s. In June 2005, Mark Janse (Roosevelt Academy, Middelburg) and Dimitris Papazachariou (University of Patras) discovered Cappadocians in Central and Northern Greece who could still speak their native language fluently. Amongst them are middle-aged, third-generation speakers who take a very positive attitude towards the language as opposed to their parents and grandparents. The latter are much less inclined to speak Cappadocian and more often than not switch to Standard Modern Greek. A survey of Cappadocian speakers and language use is currently in preparation.

History and research
The Greek element in Cappadocian is to a large extent Byzantine, e.g. θír or tír "door" from (Ancient and) Byzantine Greek θύρα (Modern Greek θύρα), píka or épka "I did" from Byzantine Greek έποικα (Modern Greek έκανα). Other, pre-Byzantine, archaisms are the use of the possessive pronouns mó(n), só(n) etc. from Ancient Greek εμός, σός etc. and the formation of the imperfect tense by means of the suffix -išk- from the Ancient Greek (Ionic) iterative suffix -(i)sk-. Turkish influence appears at every level. The Cappadocian sound system includes the Turkish vowels ı, ö, ü, and the Turkish consonants b, d, g, š, ž, tš, dž (although some of these are also found in Greek words as a result of palatalization). Turkish vowel harmony is found in forms such as düšündǘzu "I think", aor. 3sg düšǘntsü < düšǘntsi (Malakopi), from Turkish düşünmek, patišáxıs < patišáxis "king" (Delmeso), from Turkish padişah. Cappadocian noun morphology is characterized by the emergence of a generalized agglutinative declension and the progressive loss of grammatical gender distinctions, e.g. to néka "the (neuter) woman (feminine)", genitive néka-ju, plural nékes, genitive nékez-ju (Ulağaç). Another Turkish feature is the morphological marking of definiteness in the accusative case, e.g. líkos "wolf (nominative / unmarked indefinite accusative)" vs. líko "wolf (marked definite accusative)". Agglutinative forms are also found in the verb system such as the pluperfect tense írta ton "I had come" (lit. "I came I was") (Delmeso) on the model of Turkish geldi idi (geldiydi). Although Cappadocian word order is essentially governed by discourse considerations such as topic and focus, there is a tendency towards the Turkish Subject Object Verb word order with its typological correlates (suffixation and pre-nominal grammatical modifiers).
The commonality among all Greek Cappadocian dialects is that they evolved from Byzantine Greek under the influence of Turkish. On the other hand, those dialects evolved in isolated villages. This has resulted in a variety of Greek Cappadocian dialects.