Fledge is the stage in a young bird's life when the feathers and wing muscles are sufficiently developed for flight. It also describes the act of raising chicks to a fully grown state by the chick's parents.
In ornithology, the meaning of fledging is variable, depending on species. Birds are sometimes considered fledged once they leave the nest, even if they still can't fly. Some definitions of fledge take it to mean the independence of the chick from the adults, as adults will often continue to feed the chick after it has left the nest and is able to fly.
One notable species, the Ancient Murrelet, fledges two days after hatching, running from its burrow to the ocean and its calling parents. Once it reaches the ocean it is cared for several weeks by its parents. Other species, such as Guillemots and some cormorants leave the nesting site before they are able to fly, or barely able to fly. The fledging behaviour of the guillemot is spectacular; the adult will lead the chick through the colony if possible, for large drops like cliffs, it will fly down and call to its young. The chick will then launch itself off the cliff, attempting to fly as far as possible, crash landing on the ground below before continuing its run towards the ocean.

The Kalmar War lasted from 1611 to 1613.
Denmark had dominion over the strait between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea. Sweden sought an alternative trade route to avoid paying Denmark's Sound Toll through Northern Norway. Sweden sought control the land route through sparsely populated Lapland. In 1607, Charles IX of Sweden declared himself "King of the Lapps in Nordland" and began "collecting" taxes in Norwegian territory, even south of Tromsø.
Since Sound Dues to pass through the strait between the Baltic and the North Sea were Denmark's main source of income, Denmark did not want alternative trade routes established, particularly when established through Norwegian territory. Denmark protested.
King Charles IX of Sweden ignored King Christian IV of Denmark and Norway's protests. Finally, in 1611 in response to Sweden's claim of a traditionally Dano-Norwegian area in Northern Norway, Denmark invaded Sweden. A force of 6000 men laid siege on the city of Kalmar, ultimately taking it. Norwegian forces, although stationed on the border, were instructed not to enter Sweden.
On October 20th, King Charles IX of Sweden died and was succeeded by his son, Gustavus Adolphus. On ascending the throne, Gustavus Adolphus sued for peace, but Christian IV saw an opportunity for larger victories, and strengthened his armies in southern Sweden.
England and the Netherlands were also invested in the Baltic Sea trade, and pressured to curtail Denmark's power by ending the Kalmar War before a decisive victory could be attained. The Danes, while well-equipped and strong, had relied heavily on mercenary forces and Christian IV, low on funds, was finally amenable to persuasion in 1613. With England's intercession, the Treaty of Knäred was signed on January 20, 1613.
Denmark reached its victory, restoring Norwegian control of Sweden's land route through Lapland by incorporating Lapland into Norway (and thus under Danish rule). Further, Sweden had to pay a high ransom for two fortresses captured by Denmark. Sweden, however, achieved a major concession — the right of free trade through the Sound Strait, becoming exempt of the Sound toll (a right shared by Britain and Holland).
Although a side-note to the war, the Battle of Kringen, in which Scottish mercenary forces were defeated by Gudbrandsdal militiamen from Lesja, Dovre, Vaage (Vågå), Fron, Lom and Ringebu is a noted military event in Norway, celebrated to this day.

Gary Edmund Carter (born April 8, 1954), nicknamed "Kid", is a former Major League Baseball Hall Of Fame catcher from 1974-1992. Carter played with the Montreal Expos, New York Mets, San Francisco Giants, and Los Angeles Dodgers.
During his career, Carter established himself as one of the premier catchers in the National League. He won three Gold Glove awards (1980, 1981, 1982), and five Silver Slugger awards (1981, 1982, 1984, 1985, 1986).
Gary Carter was born in Culver City, California and attended Sunny Hills High School in Fullerton, California, where he was a three sport star in baseball, basketball and football (he signed a letter of intent to play football at UCLA before signing with the Montreal Expos) . Carter made his major league debut with the Expos on September 16, 1974, going 0 for 4 against the New York Mets. He hit .270 with 17 home runs and 68 RBI in 1975, his first full season, making the All-Star team and receiving The Sporting News Rookie of the Year Award. Gary Carter became the 5th (and latest to date) player to hit 2 home runs in an All-Star Game in 1981 (joining Arky Vaughan-1941, Ted Williams-1946, Al Rosen-1954, and Willlie McCovey-1969.
While solidifying his spot as one of baseball's premier catchers in the late 1970s and early 1980s, he set personal-highs in RBI (106, leading the league), batting average (.294), hits (175), total bases (290), and games played (159) in 1984. At the end of the 1984 season, Carter was traded to the New York Mets for Hubie Brooks, Mike Fitzgerald, Herm Winningham, and Floyd Youmans.
In his first game as a Met on April 9, 1985, he hit a 10th inning walk-off home run off St. Louis Cardinals pitcher Neil Allen to give the Mets a 6-5 Opening Day victory.
With the Mets, Carter enjoyed consistent production with 32 home runs and 100 RBI in 1985; and 24 home runs and 105 RBI in 1986, winning his only World Series championship in that season. Carter will be forever remembered by Mets fans as the man who started the Mets 10th inning two out Game 6 rally in the World Series against the Boston Red Sox. Carter would come around to score the first of three Mets runs that inning on a single by Ray Knight, as the Mets would defeat the Red Sox in one of the most famous games in baseball history. It also widely forgotten that Carter's 8th inning run scoring sacrifice fly was the hit that forced the game to go into extra innings. Carter also crushed two home runs over the Green Monster in Game 4 of the Series at Fenway Park. Carter thus became the only player to date to have hit 2 home runs in All-Star Game (1981) and 2 home runs in a World Series Game (1986). Carter batted only .235 in 1987, and was released at the end of the 1989 season after hitting just .183. After leaving the Mets, he played for the Giants in 1990, the Dodgers in 1991, and returned to Montreal in 1992.
Carter was a career .262 hitter with 324 home runs and 1225 RBI. Over his 19-year career, he ranks sixth all-time in career home runs by a catcher with 298, and was selected as a All-Star eleven times, winning the Most Valuable Player award in the 1981 and 1984 games.
In 2003, his sixth year on the ballot, Gary Carter was selected to the Baseball Hall of Fame. Carter had previously been inducted into the New York Mets Hall of Fame in 2001. Also in 2003, Carter was elected into the Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame along with Kirk McCaskill. His number 8 was retired by the Montreal Expos. After Expos moved to Washington, D.C. following the 2004 season, Carter's number along with Andre Dawson, Rusty Staub, and Tim Raines were moved to the Bell Centre, home of the NHL's Montreal Canadiens. The Nationals have since reissued the number 8 to Marlon Anderson. While the Mets have not retired number 8, it has remained unused since Carter's election to the Hall of Fame.
Carter was the manager of the Gulf Coast Mets minor league team in 2005 before being promoted to the A-level St. Lucie Mets for 2006.

Montreal Expos (1974-1984, 1992)
New York Mets (1985-1989)
San Francisco Giants (1990)
Los Angeles Dodgers (1991)
324 career home runs (92nd all time)
1225 career RBI
2 time MLB All-Star Game MVP
11 time All-Star
5 time Silver Slugger, 3 time Gold Glove Award winner
Led 1984 NL in RBI

In computing, an office suite, sometimes called an office application suite or productivity suite is a software suite intended to be used by typical clerical worker and knowledge workers. The components are generally distributed together, have a consistent user interface and usually can interact with each other, sometimes in ways that the operating system would not normally allow.

Current suites

Main article: List of office suites

Debate Free software List of patents
TRIPS Agreement Patent Cooperation Treaty European Patent Convention
United Kingdom United States
Business methods
Opposition to software patents is widespread in the free software community. In response, various mechanisms have been tried to defuse the perceived problem.
On the other hand, Microsoft has claimed that programs such as Linux violate 235 Microsoft patents and said that it will seek license fees.

Benefits of free software
It is quite common for patent holders to license their patents in a way that requires a per-copy fee, however, obtaining such a licence is not possible for free software projects. Free software projects cannot require mandatory royalties as these would limit distribution to only royalty payers, violating the free software definition. A patent licence that is royalty-free, or provides a one-time worldwide payment is acceptable.
Version 2 of the GNU General Public License does not allow software to be distributed if that software requires a patent licence that does not "permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you".

Problems for free software

Techniques for reducing harm
"Patent retaliation" clauses are included in several free software licences. The goal of these clauses is to discourage the licensee (the user/recipient of the software) from suing the licensor (the provider/author of the software) for patent infringement by terminating the licence upon the initiation of such a lawsuit.
The Free Software Foundation included a narrow patent retaliation clause in drafts 1 and 2 of version 3 of the GPL, however, this clause was removed in draft 3 as its enforceability and effectiveness was decided to be too dubious to be worth the added complexity.
Examples of broader clauses are those of the Apache licence and the Mozilla Public License.

Patent retaliation
In 2005, IBM, Novell, Philips, Red Hat, and Sony founded the Open Invention Network (OIN). OIN is a company that acquires patents and offers them royalty free "to any company, institution or individual that agrees not to assert its patents against the Linux operating system or certain Linux-related applications".
Novell donated the valuable Commerce One web services patents to OIN. These potentially threaten anyone who uses web services. OIN's founders intend for these patents to encourage others to join, and to discourage legal threats against Linux and Linux-related applications. Along with several other projects, Mono is listed as a covered project.

Patent pools
Movements have formed to lobby against the existence and enforceability of software patents. The earliest was the League for Programming Freedom in the USA. Probably the most successful was the anti-software-patent campaign in Europe that resulted in the rejection by the European Parliament of the Proposed directive on the patentability of computer-implemented inventions which, the free software community argues, would have made software patents enforceable in the European Union. A fledgling movement also exists in South Africa.

Microsoft's patent deals

Software patents
Software patents debate

An orchard is an intentional planting of trees or shrubs maintained for food production. Most orchards comprise either fruit or nut-producing trees (see fruit trees), for commercial production. Orchards are also sometimes a feature of large gardens, where they serve an aesthetic as well as a productive purpose.
Most temperate-zone orchards are laid out in a regular grid, with a grazed or mown grass or bare soil base that makes maintenance and fruit gathering easy.
Orchards are often concentrated near bodies of water, where climatic extremes are moderated and blossom time is retarded until frost danger is past.
The forest garden is a food production system that is closely related to the orchard. A move towards more ecologically-friendly coffee production has led to forest-garden production of coffee. Brazil Nuts and rubber are being produced in such a method in some areas.
Often, mixed orchards are planted. In Europe Quince is sometimes planted along with apples.

Orchards by region

Berries
Citrus
Forest garden
Fruit
Fruit trees
Fruit tree forms
Fruit tree pollination
Fruit tree propagation
Pruning fruit trees

The American Civil War Battle Series by author James Reasoner is a ten volume series of historical novels about the American Civil War. The series centers on the fictional Brannon family, which resides in Culpeper, Virginia, a village and county in north central Virginia north of the Rapidan River that served as a major supply depot for the Confederate army. Each novel in Reasoner's series revolves around a Civil War major battle or campaign.
The ten novels in series order:

Manassas, published by Cumberland House in spring, 1999. ISBN 1-58182-008-9.
Shiloh, published by Cumberland House in fall, 1999. ISBN 1-58182-248-0.
Antietam, published by Cumberland House in spring, 2000. ISBN 1-58182-275-8.
Chancellorsville, published by Cumberland House in fall, 2000. ISBN 1-58182-300-2.
Vicksburg, published by Cumberland House in spring, 2001. ISBN 1-58182-372-X.
Gettysburg, published by Cumberland House in fall, 2001. ISBN 1-58182-381-9.
Chickamauga, published by Cumberland House in spring, 2002. ISBN 1-58182-405-X.
Shenandoah, published by Cumberland House in fall, 2002. ISBN 1-58182-435-1.
Savannah, published by Cumberland House in spring, 2003. ISBN 1-58182-467-X.
Appomattox, published by Cumberland House in spring, 2003. ISBN 1-58182-513-7. The Brannon family
The Brannon family owns a farm in Culpeper County just outside of the village of Culpeper. John Brannon has died as the first novel Manassas begins in January 1861. John and his widow Abigail were avid fans of William Shakespeare. Matriarch Abigail Brannon oversees the farm with her six children, who have been named after William Shakespeare and characters from his plays. The Brannon children are William (Will), Macduff (Mac), Titus, Henry, Cordelia, and Coriolanus (Cory). The family is drawn into the events of the coming war.